Left: Raven in Conrad Gessner’s Vogelbuch, 1600. Right: Der Doctor Schnabel von Rom (detail), by Paulus Fürst (1656), British Museum, London. A key to Fürst’s picture is the association between ravens and the plague. This is especially significant since the masked doctor originated in Rome, during an era that was marked by religious disputes. A closer look at the print reveals its anti-Catholic message, as is argued by Herbert J. Mattie here.